๐Ÿ‡ฏ๐Ÿ‡ต ja-learning

Discovering Different Types of Verbs

1. Vocabulary List

JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ใ‚ใ / ้–‹ใ๏ผˆใ‚ใ๏ผ‰akuto open (by itself) โ€” intransitive
ใ‚ใ‘ใ‚‹ / ้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹๏ผˆใ‚ใ‘ใ‚‹๏ผ‰akeruto open (something) โ€” transitive
ใ—ใพใ‚‹ / ้–‰ใพใ‚‹๏ผˆใ—ใพใ‚‹๏ผ‰shimaruto close (by itself) โ€” intransitive
ใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹ / ้–‰ใ‚ใ‚‹๏ผˆใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹๏ผ‰shimeruto close (something) โ€” transitive
ใพใฉ / ็ช“๏ผˆใพใฉ๏ผ‰madowindow
ใƒ‰ใ‚ขdoadoor
ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒˆgฤ“togate
ใจใพใ‚‹ / ๆญขใพใ‚‹๏ผˆใจใพใ‚‹๏ผ‰tomaruto stop (by itself)
ๆ€ฅใ๏ผˆใ„ใใ๏ผ‰isoguto hurry
ใกใ‚…ใ†ๆ„๏ผˆใกใ‚…ใ†ใ„๏ผ‰chลซicaution; care

2. Grammar & Sentences

Transitive vs Intransitive verbs

Japanese has pairs of verbs for many actions โ€” one that describes a person doing something (transitive), and one that describes a thing happening by itself (intransitive). The particle used is the key signal.

TypeVerbParticleMeaningExample
Transitive (ไป–ๅ‹•่ฉž)้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒป้–‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚’someone opens/closes somethingใฏใคใฟใ•ใ‚“ใฏใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
Intransitive (่‡ชๅ‹•่ฉž)้–‹ใใƒป้–‰ใพใ‚‹ใŒthe thing opens/closes by itselfใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‹ใใพใ™ใ€‚

Rule summary:

  • ใ‚’ + ้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ / ้–‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ โ†’ someone performs the action on an object
  • ใŒ + ้–‹ใ / ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ โ†’ the thing does the action by itself (automatic, natural)

้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ vs ้–‹ใ โ€” "To open"

VerbReadingTypeParticleUse case
้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใ‚‹Transitiveใ‚’A person opens something
้–‹ใใ‚ใIntransitiveใŒSomething opens by itself
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ใพใฉใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใญใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใตใ˜ๅฑฑ๏ผMado o akemasu ne. Wฤ, Fujisan!I'll open the window. Wow, Mt Fuji!
ใฏใคใฟใ•ใ‚“ใฏใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚Hatsumi-san wa doa o akemasu.Hatsumi will open the door.
ใฏใคใฟใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚Œใ„ใžใ†ใ“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚Hatsumi-san wa reizลko o akemasu.Hatsumi will open the fridge.
ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‹ใใพใ™ใ€‚Doa ga akimasu.The door will open (by itself).
้›ป่ปŠใŒๆญขใพใฃใฆใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‹ใใพใ™ใ€‚Densha ga tomatte, doa ga akimasu.The train stops and the door opens (automatically).
ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‹ใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€้›ป่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚Doa ga aitara, densha ni norimasu.If the door opens, we'll get on the train.
ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒˆใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚Purezento o akete mo ii desu ka.May I open the present?

้–‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ vs ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ โ€” "To close"

VerbReadingTypeParticleUse case
้–‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹Transitiveใ‚’A person closes something
้–‰ใพใ‚‹ใ—ใพใ‚‹IntransitiveใŒSomething closes by itself
JapaneseRomajiEnglish
ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚Doa o shimemasu.I will close the door.
ใ•ใจใ—ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใใจใใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚Satoshi-san wa, shigoto ni iku toki doa o shimemasu.Satoshi will close the door when he goes to work.
ใ•ใ‚€ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใพใฉใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚Samui kara, mado o shimete kudasai.Because it's cold, please close the window.
ใฏใคใฟใ•ใ‚“ใฏใพใฉใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚Hatsumi-san wa mado o shimemasu.Hatsumi will close the window.
ใ‚Œใ„ใžใ†ใ“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚Reizลko o shimete kudasai.Please close the fridge.
ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚Doa ga shimarimasu.The door will close (by itself).
ใƒžใƒณใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚Manshon no doa ga shimarimasu.The apartment door will close (by itself).
ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใกใ‚…ใ†ๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚Doa ga shimarimasu. Chลซi shite kudasai.The door will close. Please be careful.
ใพใฉใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚Mado ga shimarimasu.The window will close (by itself).
ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒˆใŒๅๅˆ†ๅพŒใซ้–‰ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ€ฅใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚Gฤ“to ga juppun go ni shimarimasu. Isoide kudasai.The gate will close in 10 minutes. Please hurry.

Check the particle!

SentenceParticleWhy?
ใพใฉใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‚’Someone (person) opens the window
ใพใฉใŒ้–‹ใใพใ™ใŒThe window opens by itself
ใพใฉใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ™ใ‚’Someone (person) closes the window
ใพใฉใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒThe window closes by itself

3. Learning Context

  • Topic: Transitive and intransitive verb pairs โ€” the difference between doing something to an object vs. something happening by itself
  • Key Distinction: ใ‚’ + transitive (person acts on object) vs ใŒ + intransitive (thing acts on its own)
  • New vocabulary: ใ‚ใ / ้–‹ใ (intransitive "to open"), ใ—ใพใ‚‹ / ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ (intransitive "to close")
  • Common mistake: Using ใ‚’ with ้–‹ใ or ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ โœ— โ€” intransitive verbs use ใŒ, not ใ‚’ โœ“

4. Progress Tracker

FieldDetail
Current LevelIntermediate B1
Chapter / TopicChapter 10 โ€” A new life in Japan
CompletionSection 3 of 11
Latest Performance100% (๏ผ‹15 stars)