Discovering Different Types of Verbs
1. Vocabulary List
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใใ / ้ใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | aku | to open (by itself) โ intransitive |
| ใใใ / ้ใใ๏ผใใใ๏ผ | akeru | to open (something) โ transitive |
| ใใพใ / ้ใพใ๏ผใใพใ๏ผ | shimaru | to close (by itself) โ intransitive |
| ใใใ / ้ใใ๏ผใใใ๏ผ | shimeru | to close (something) โ transitive |
| ใพใฉ / ็ช๏ผใพใฉ๏ผ | mado | window |
| ใใข | doa | door |
| ใฒใผใ | gฤto | gate |
| ใจใพใ / ๆญขใพใ๏ผใจใพใ๏ผ | tomaru | to stop (by itself) |
| ๆฅใ๏ผใใใ๏ผ | isogu | to hurry |
| ใกใ ใๆ๏ผใกใ ใใ๏ผ | chลซi | caution; care |
2. Grammar & Sentences
Transitive vs Intransitive verbs
Japanese has pairs of verbs for many actions โ one that describes a person doing something (transitive), and one that describes a thing happening by itself (intransitive). The particle used is the key signal.
| Type | Verb | Particle | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transitive (ไปๅ่ฉ) | ้ใใใป้ใใ | ใ | someone opens/closes something | ใฏใคใฟใใใฏใใขใ้ใใพใใ |
| Intransitive (่ชๅ่ฉ) | ้ใใป้ใพใ | ใ | the thing opens/closes by itself | ใใขใ้ใใพใใ |
Rule summary:
- ใ + ้ใใ / ้ใใ โ someone performs the action on an object
- ใ + ้ใ / ้ใพใ โ the thing does the action by itself (automatic, natural)
้ใใ vs ้ใ โ "To open"
| Verb | Reading | Type | Particle | Use case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ้ใใ | ใใใ | Transitive | ใ | A person opens something |
| ้ใ | ใใ | Intransitive | ใ | Something opens by itself |
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใพใฉใ้ใใพใใญใใใใใตใๅฑฑ๏ผ | Mado o akemasu ne. Wฤ, Fujisan! | I'll open the window. Wow, Mt Fuji! |
| ใฏใคใฟใใใฏใใขใ้ใใพใใ | Hatsumi-san wa doa o akemasu. | Hatsumi will open the door. |
| ใฏใคใฟใใใฏใใใใใใ้ใใพใใ | Hatsumi-san wa reizลko o akemasu. | Hatsumi will open the fridge. |
| ใใขใ้ใใพใใ | Doa ga akimasu. | The door will open (by itself). |
| ้ป่ปใๆญขใพใฃใฆใใใขใ้ใใพใใ | Densha ga tomatte, doa ga akimasu. | The train stops and the door opens (automatically). |
| ใใขใ้ใใใใ้ป่ปใซไนใใพใใ | Doa ga aitara, densha ni norimasu. | If the door opens, we'll get on the train. |
| ใใฌใผใณใใ้ใใฆใใใใงใใใ | Purezento o akete mo ii desu ka. | May I open the present? |
้ใใ vs ้ใพใ โ "To close"
| Verb | Reading | Type | Particle | Use case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ้ใใ | ใใใ | Transitive | ใ | A person closes something |
| ้ใพใ | ใใพใ | Intransitive | ใ | Something closes by itself |
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใใขใ้ใใพใใ | Doa o shimemasu. | I will close the door. |
| ใใจใใใใฏใไปไบใซ่กใใจใใใขใ้ใใพใใ | Satoshi-san wa, shigoto ni iku toki doa o shimemasu. | Satoshi will close the door when he goes to work. |
| ใใใใใใใพใฉใ้ใใฆใใ ใใใ | Samui kara, mado o shimete kudasai. | Because it's cold, please close the window. |
| ใฏใคใฟใใใฏใพใฉใ้ใใพใใ | Hatsumi-san wa mado o shimemasu. | Hatsumi will close the window. |
| ใใใใใใ้ใใฆใใ ใใใ | Reizลko o shimete kudasai. | Please close the fridge. |
| ใใขใ้ใพใใพใใ | Doa ga shimarimasu. | The door will close (by itself). |
| ใใณใทใงใณใฎใใขใ้ใพใใพใใ | Manshon no doa ga shimarimasu. | The apartment door will close (by itself). |
| ใใขใ้ใพใใพใใใกใ ใๆใใฆใใ ใใใ | Doa ga shimarimasu. Chลซi shite kudasai. | The door will close. Please be careful. |
| ใพใฉใ้ใพใใพใใ | Mado ga shimarimasu. | The window will close (by itself). |
| ใฒใผใใๅๅๅพใซ้ใพใใพใใๆฅใใงใใ ใใใ | Gฤto ga juppun go ni shimarimasu. Isoide kudasai. | The gate will close in 10 minutes. Please hurry. |
Check the particle!
| Sentence | Particle | Why? |
|---|---|---|
| ใพใฉใ้ใใพใ | ใ | Someone (person) opens the window |
| ใพใฉใ้ใใพใ | ใ | The window opens by itself |
| ใพใฉใ้ใใพใ | ใ | Someone (person) closes the window |
| ใพใฉใ้ใพใใพใ | ใ | The window closes by itself |
3. Learning Context
- Topic: Transitive and intransitive verb pairs โ the difference between doing something to an object vs. something happening by itself
- Key Distinction: ใ + transitive (person acts on object) vs ใ + intransitive (thing acts on its own)
- New vocabulary: ใใ / ้ใ (intransitive "to open"), ใใพใ / ้ใพใ (intransitive "to close")
- Common mistake: Using ใ with ้ใ or ้ใพใ โ โ intransitive verbs use ใ, not ใ โ
4. Progress Tracker
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Current Level | Intermediate B1 |
| Chapter / Topic | Chapter 10 โ A new life in Japan |
| Completion | Section 3 of 11 |
| Latest Performance | 100% (๏ผ15 stars) |