Grammar: ใฉใใใฃใฆ โ Asking "How"
1. Vocabulary List
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใฉใใใฃใฆ | dล yatte | how |
| ใใใๆธ๏ผใใใใใ๏ผ | rirekisho | CV; rรฉsumรฉ |
| ๆดใใๆฉ๏ผใใใใใ๏ผ | sentakuki | washing machine |
| ๅ๏ผใพใ๏ผ | mae | front |
| ๅพใ๏ผใใใ๏ผ | ushiro | back; behind |
| ไนใ๏ผใฎใ๏ผ | noru | to get on; to ride |
| ้ใใ๏ผใใใ๏ผ | oriru | to get off |
| ้ใใใจใ๏ผใใใใจใ๏ผ | oriru toki | when getting off |
2. Grammar Notes
ใฉใใใฃใฆ โ "how"
ใฉใใใฃใฆ is a question word meaning "how". Use it to ask how something is done.
- Structure:
ใฉใใใฃใฆ+ verb + ใพใใ๏ผ โ "How do we [verb]?" - Structure:
[Topic]+ ใฏ + ใฉใใใฃใฆ + past verb + ใใใใงใใ๏ผ โ "How should I [verb]?"
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใฏใฉใใใฃใฆ้ฃในใพใใใ | Kore wa dล yatte tabemasu ka. | How do we eat this? |
| ใฉใใใฃใฆ่ฆใคใใพใใใใ | Dล yatte mitsukemashita ka. | How did you find it? |
| ใใใๆธใฏใฉใใใฃใฆๆธใใใใใใงใใใ | Rirekisho wa dล yatte kaita ra ii desu ka. | How do I write a CV? |
| ใฌในไปฃใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใฏใใฃใใใใใงใใใ | Gasudai wa dล yatte haratta ra ii desu ka. | How do I pay the gas bill? |
| ใฉใใใฃใฆไปไบใใใใใใใใใงใใใ | Dล yatte shigoto wo sagashita ra ii desu ka. | How do I look for a job? |
Question word contrast:
Word Meaning ใฉใ where ใฉใ which ใฉใใใฃใฆ how
๏ฝใใปใใใใ โ "You'd betterโฆ" / "You shouldโฆ"
Use verb (past tense) + ใปใใใใ to give advice or a recommendation.
- Structure:
Verb (past form)+ ใปใใใใ โ "It would be better toโฆ"
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใในใซไนใฃใใปใใใใใงใใใ | Basu ni notta hล ga ii desu yo. | You'd better take a bus. |
| ้ป่ปใซไนใฃใใปใใใใใงใใใ | Densha ni notta hล ga ii desu yo. | You'd better take the train. |
ใฆ-form to link two sentences
To connect two sequential actions, put the first verb in the ใฆ-form.
- Structure:
Verb ใฆ-formใsecond action - Example: ๅใฎใใขใใไนใฃใฆใใ้ใใฏใใใพใใ โ Get on at the front door, then pay the fare.
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ๅใฎใใขใใไนใฃใฆใใ้ใใฏใใใพใใ | Mae no doa kara notte, okane wo haraimasu. | You get on at the front door and pay the fare. |
| ้ใใใจใใฏๅพใใฎใใขใใ้ใใพใใ | Oriru toki wa ushiro no doa kara orimasu. | When you get off, you use the back door. |
3. Dialogue
Maya asks Kento how to get to Tokyo Station.
| Speaker | Japanese | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใใค | ใใฟใพใใใๆฑไบฌ้ง ใซ่กใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใฃใฆ่กใฃใใใใใงใใใ | Excuse me, I want to go to Tokyo station. How should I go there? |
| ใใใจ | ใใใใใในใซไนใฃใใปใใใใใงใใใ | You'd be better to take a bus from here. |
| ใใค | ใฉใฎใในใซไนใฃใใใใใงใใใ | Which bus should I take? |
| ใใใจ | ใใฃใจใ52็ชใฎใในใซไนใฃใฆใใ ใใใ | Let me seeโฆ Please take bus number 52. |
| ใใค | ใใฎใใในใซใฉใใใฃใฆไนใฃใใใใใงใใใ | Umm, how should I get on the bus? |
| ใใใจ | ๅใฎใใขใใไนใฃใฆใใ้ใใฏใใใพใใ้ใใใจใใฏๅพใใฎใใขใใ้ใใพใใ | You get on at the front door and pay the fare. When you get off, you use the back door. |
| ใใค | ใใใใจใใใใใพใใใ | Thank you so much. |
4. Sentence Drill
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใฏใฉใใใฃใฆ้ฃในใพใใใ | Kore wa dล yatte tabemasu ka. | How do we eat this? |
| ใใฎๆดใใๆฉใฏใใฉใใใฃใฆไฝฟใใพใใใ | Kono sentakuki wa, dล yatte tsukaimasu ka. | How do we use this washing machine? |
| ใใใๆธใฏใฉใใใฃใฆๆธใใใใใใงใใใ | Rirekisho wa dล yatte kaita ra ii desu ka. | How do I write a CV? |
| ใฌในไปฃใฏใฉใใใฃใฆใฏใใฃใใใใใงใใใ | Gasudai wa dล yatte haratta ra ii desu ka. | How do I pay the gas bill? |
| ใฉใใใฃใฆไปไบใใใใใใใใใงใใใ | Dล yatte shigoto wo sagashita ra ii desu ka. | How do I look for a job? |
| ๆฑไบฌ้ง ใซ่กใใใใใงใใใใฉใใใฃใฆ่กใฃใใใใใงใใใ | Tลkyล-eki ni ikitai n desu ga, dล yatte ittara ii desu ka. | I want to go to Tokyo station. How should I go there? |
| ใในใซไนใฃใใปใใใใใงใใใ | Basu ni notta hล ga ii desu yo. | You'd better take a bus. |
| ๅใฎใใขใใไนใฃใฆใใ้ใใฏใใใพใใ | Mae no doa kara notte, okane wo haraimasu. | You get on at the front door and pay the fare. |
5. Learning Context
- Topic: Asking "how" with ใฉใใใฃใฆ; giving advice with ๏ฝใใปใใใใ; linking actions with ใฆ-form
- Key Grammar Patterns:
ใฉใใใฃใฆ+ verb โ asking how something is doneใฉใใใฃใฆ+ past verb + ใใใใงใใ โ "How should Iโฆ?"- Verb (past) + ใปใใใใ โ "You'd betterโฆ" / "You shouldโฆ"
- Verb (ใฆ-form) + second action โ sequential actions ("do A, then B")
- Culture Note: On Japanese buses, you typically board from the front door and pay immediately; you exit from the rear door. This varies by region โ some buses collect fares on exit.
6. Progress Tracker
| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Current Level | Intermediate B1 |
| Chapter / Topic | Chapter 10 โ A new life in Japan |
| Completion | Section 9 of 11 |
| Latest Performance | 93% โ โ +15 stars, +2 vocabulary words |
| Key Vocabulary | ใฉใใใฃใฆ (how), ใใใๆธ (CV), ๆดใใๆฉ (washing machine), ๅ (front), ๅพใ (back) |